Gender and The War

Gender and the War

During WWI gender roles of citizens were depicted through many different types of media, including posters, postcards, and other types of propaganda. Women were depicted as support for the men on the home front. This included raising children and taking care of the mother country while the men were gone. Also, the women were shown that they were supposed to be working in the different factories, in order to support their men in the war. The Red Cross, a mobile medical relief station for wounded soldiers, was also another front where women could help in the war effort. Men were also depicted in these posters and postcards, and they were shown how they should be acting during the war. Men were shown that all men should enlist in the army “until the enemy is crushed.” Also, men were shown that they were not supposed to be slackers, and that even though their place may not lie on the front lines they still should be doing all they can to assist the men who are on the front lines. Men were also shown pictures of decorated war heroes, showing them that by fighting in the army one could achieve great respect from the public. These posters showed that the role of a woman was to provide support for the men in whatever way they could she could, while a man was supposed to be fighting valiantly for his country during a war.

Women in World War I were a vital part towards the War effort and were a main reason for the victory of the Allied Powers. Women provided a source of workers that was not present before, which boosted economy and helped the Allied Powers in their Arms race. Women worked in munitions factories and other jobs to support the soldiers. Women made clothes for soldiers and were a source of work that was absent because of the recently drafted men that were now out of the country. They could also be soldiers themselves. The Royal Air Force drafted Women to work as pilots because pilots did not necessary need the physical qualifications that men possessed. In World War I, women were a fantastic support system to men and each other to help the War as much as they could.

Women workers during the early nineteenth century dramatically increased to due to economic needs that preparation for War and the War itself demanded. As an arms race was going on between the two opposing forces, the Allied incorporated the use of women to help boost their stock of various supplies.[i] Public posters and other types of mass media were used to hook women into the workforce. Media sought to gain a women workforce through glamorizing jobs and showing how this was the right thing to do for the country.

Women were not just restricted to domestic and agricultural work. Women were fully involved in directly supporting the War. Women were now working in munitions factories and posters were put up to advertise the benefits of these types of jobs. Again, Patriotism was a main way of hooking women into the jobs.

Women were turning into a powerful commodity and were now becoming a powerful force that could really change the fate of the War. Women workers provided men with the things they needed in order to be successful in War, however the women back home were also helping out their fellow women soldiers.

Women soldiers were another force that helped the War. Women soldiers were drafted into several divisions of the United States military and where successful in all of them. Women were especially successful in the Air Force because of the fact that the air force did not demand the physical qualifications that most women did not possess at the time. The Women’s Royal Air Force was a very successful was a great way for women to get involved in the War effort.

Women were also involved in the United States Navy; working as nurses or telegraph workers oversees.[ii] Women had been transformed into a great support force because they could work in many jobs, showing versatility in a time of great need.

Some Russian Women were known as the greatest soldiers of their Army. The “Battalion of Death”[iii] was a section lead by Maria Botchkareva, a peasant soldier who had become listed as a regular troop; she save hundreds of lives on the front with her comrades, earning her the respect of other men. She was wounded several times, but always returned. She was a symbol for women’s bravery during the war. Women had been transformed from viewed as a domestic and feminine force to a gritty and battle ready force.

Women also provided a different kind of role during the War. Some women did not want to enlist as soldiers but wanted to help on the enemy fronts. These occupations included Nurses and telegraph operators. Nurses at the front line would help wounded soldiers on the battle field and would also carry them back to the safety of the hospitals far from enemy lines. Telegraph workers would operate machines for the men on the front and would transmit messages that were crucial for battle positioning. Perhaps the most important contribution in this effort was the Red Cross.

Women who were involved in this were highly respected because they gave soldiers, food, water and care. The Red Cross was known as “The Greatest Mother in the World”[iv] This symbol of the Red Cross was a symbol of safety which was a further manifestation of traditional women views. The Red Cross was perhaps the biggest contribution of women towards the War because of its effect still felt today in the modern military.

Throughout WWI, men and women were separately sought to provide benefits, support, and aggressiveness. Men were drafted in large numbers, as the overall aspect of manliness immensely rose during the war. Manliness developed as being able to serve the war effort and being fit, robust, and courageous. At the time of WWI, men were seen as becoming war heroes, having the duty of protecting the country and being courageous.

Manliness was heavily idolized and remained very important throughout the course of WWI. Men were seen as a higher standard and above women in the war effort, in that they were summoned to serve their country in the armed forces. The above picture shows a popular poster depicting the call of all able men to serve in war. As much as women were heavily needed to supply food and nursing for the war effort, men were also in high demand because of their strong bodies and aggressiveness that would perfectly fit in with the fighting against their enemies. By enlisting in the army, a man was also looked upon as a hero and a patriot by their country. Propaganda, an example of which is this poster, filled the streets during the war and was the primary motivation for men to serve in the armed force.

In addition to the acquiring of men and women during the war, people were also upheld to certain standards; the armed forces needed to make sure citizens were taking it as seriously as the army was. Although a man or women may have thought their place was not on the front lines, they were still expected to do whatever they could for the war. “We are in low spirits. After we have been in the dug-outs two hours our own shells begin to fall in the trench. This is the third time in four weeks.”[v] Men who were called into the war effort were asked of a great deed and required all the support from friends and family as well as the entire country. Both men and women were given the opportunity to protect and serve their country; if they didn’t perform up to the exalted expectations or did not wish to support their fellow citizens, people were seen as freeloaders and cowards.

There was no doubt to any soldier, during the war, that fighting for one’s country would bring eternal pride and praise to him and his family. A highly decorated general, as shown in the above poster, illustrated to every citizen of his or her courageous soldiers that were defending the country. In retrospect, Colonel Himmelstoss, in All Quiet on the Western Front, is a perfect example of a highly apraised man who sacrificed his life to protect the country that he loved. Because of his dedication and excellence during the time of the war, Colonel Himmelstoss was noted as a great leader who pushed his commrades to succeed and to never back down from the enemy. This colonel relates to the man in the poster, in that they both did a great deal in fully subscribing themselves to the services of the nation. Because of their effort, they made a considerable impact on their peers as well as the country’s security.

Men and women, while both playing different roles during the war, were both extremely vital in the victory for the Allies. These posters, and other forms of mass media, showed that the role of a woman was to provide support for the men in whatever way they could she could, while a man was supposed to be fighting valiantly for his country during a war. Men were shown posters that encouraged all men to join army. Also, men were shown different images of well respected and highly decorated war heroes. These showed the men something that they could aspire to be when they joined the military. In addition, men were shown that they were supposed to do whatever they could do to support the war, men who were seen as slackers were not treated well during war time, and even if you felt you were not supposed to be on the front lines, you were to do whatever you could to support the war effort. Women were mainly uses as a support system; however they were also used as troops in special cases, such as the Royal Air Force. Women were also used as troops in cases such as the Royal Air Force because pilots didn’t need the physical qualifications that foot soldiers needed. The Red Cross was another front in which women could help in the war. This allowed women to be helping the men on the front line by providing them with medical relief. Also, women were used in factories to make up for the labor lost by men being drafted into the war. The women during became the main support system for the men fighting on the front lines, and in some cases became soldiers themselves.

By Sawyer Rice, Mike Innocenzi, and Garrett Hamm

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[i] Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization (California: Thompson Wadworth, 2006) p. 770

[ii] Goldstein, Joshua. The Women of World War 1 – War and Gender: How Gender Shaped the War System (Cambridge University Press, 2001) http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm

[iii] Goldstein

[iv] Goldstein

[v] Remarque, Erich. P. 100

Gender Roles in WWI

Peter Chambers

Patrick Ferguson

Ryan Poehner

In the times prior to World War 1, men held a majority of the roles important to life, while women were seen as caretakers of the home and children. However, during the Great War many of the roles separated by gender were twisted with the absence of men in the country. In World War 1 the roles for men and women were changed. Women’s roles were extended into various industries supporing the war in the home front as well as continuing to run their homes effciently. Women’s roles also streched into the army, where they served as soldiers proper. Simultaneously, men were being recruited more and more to serve their countries with courage and honor by joining the army.

In World War 1, also referred to as the Great War, each gender played large rolls in the war efforts. The women on the Home Front, while the men acted on the Front Lines. The men were attracted to the positions in the army because of their masculine appeal. In many of the posters that the government used to advertise positions in the army openly displayed the masculinity of the soldiers as to make war, and heroism, appeal romantically to the men. One of the posters[1] displays a tank majestically jumping over trenches in front of an orange sunset, similar to a whale breaching and jumping in the ocean during a sunset. This poster is specifically meant to arouse men and their masculinity, rather than being seen as frail, weak, or even cowardly. Shakespeare says it best in Henry V “[they] hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks/ That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.”[2] In this part of the play Henry rallies his troops to fight for him boldly and honorably, exactly the same as the task that Britain is faced with in WWI. This idea of cowardice and bravery is reflected in Erich Maria Remarque’s first-hand-account of the War to End All Wars, All Quiet on the Western Front. In this novel Kantorek, a high school teacher, inspires a group of young men to enlist in the German army to defend their country. Kantorek is constantly romanticizing about the war and the positives of serving for their country. As a result of his teachings, many of the boys enlist in the army to honorably serve their country. With Social Darwinism becoming popular in the beginning of the war, each country is trying to promote its fitness and countries can prove their fitness through war and winning battles. One of the most important aspects to the fitness of one’s country was the weaponry that was being used.[3] In most cases the large cannons were seen as direct images of masculinity because of the amount of power that they contained, and the soldiers’ ability to tame that power. The Romantic view of war and heroism made it important for men to display their masculinity through war, as a soldier.[4]

During the beginning stages of the First World War, many women jumped on the nationalistic band wagon. While it was highly uncommon for women to support their country by fighting on the front lines, there was an overwhelming opportunity for them to help back on the home front. Organizations such was the Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps (QMWAA), served as an outlet for these ambitious women. Also the new dependencies on industrial production allowed for women to find work in places such as munitions factories. For example, in the beginning of WWI in Britain, close to one million lower class women soon found themselves working the munitions plants of Britain. These women soon became known as “munitionettes”. One downside to becoming a woman activist is that munitions experts and employees’ work contributes to the fighting, they are not able to profess their pacifism. The soon increasing nationalism created by these women in factories soon spread to other sections of Europe. In Scotland in 1918 some shell working Scottish women raised and funded the money for an air force warplane.[5]

Not all of these effects for women were positive however, Eric Leed argues that the new opportunities for women in World War I created, “an enormously expanded range of escape routes from the constraints of the private family” because the war caused “the collapse of those established, traditional distinctions” that usually restrained women’s actions.[6] This is an unfavorable trend formed by working in the factories. Soon women lost the genteel ideals which had been instilled in them since birth. This can be seen also in other forms of life such as the carnivals of the early twentieth century.

From the European perspective, women were not always seen as just aids to help the men on the front line. Many countries, such as the United States of America, used women simply as aids. “They helped nurse the wounded, provide food and other supplies to the military, serve as telephone operators (the “Hello Girls”), entertain troops, and work as journalists.”[7] Women basically played the same role as they did on the home front; to keep their men happy, in good health if wounded, to cook meals, and repair clothing that possibly lost a button. If the women were not involved firsthand with the military performing these duties, they were used to literally shame men into going into battle. “In Britain and America during that war, women organized a large-scale campaign to hand out white feathers to able-bodied men found on the streets, to shame the men for failing to serve in combat.”[8]

Most of the countries involved in World War I assigned women with the same roles, with the exception of some nations like Russia. The Russians did attempt to shame the men into fighting, but through a different method. Though it was not fully accepted, women in Russia were not restricted from enlisting in the military. Originally, women who wished to join the military dressed up as men and cut their hair in an attempt to conceal their true identity. Others though, such as Maria Botchkareva, went directly to the czar and ask for approval to openly enlist. After proving women could fight in battle, women like Botchkareva requested the approval of an all female battalion; thus the Battalion of Death was formed. The Russian government used the women’s battalion in two ways: as normal soldiers to fight on the front, and as objects to shame men into fighting. The idea was to send with Battalion of Death to the front and have them basically out-perform their male counterparts. The Russians hoped that the men would then feel as if they were the weaker of the sexes, and thus they would attempt to out-perform the women and more willingly go into the trenches. The Russians soon found though, that these tactics would not work. Though the women were sent over the trenches to advance in an attempt to encourage their comrades to fight, it ultimately proved fruitless. The somewhat fourteen million Russian soldiers all across the front remained static. The operation proved only to work mildly within the few miles where the Battalion of Death had led the charge. In fact, only about four hundred men in the trenches alongside the women were willing to fight with them.

Gender roles played a unique part in World War I. Men were expected to be the stereotypical hero and fight in battle under all circumstances in a chance to prove their masculinity. Those who did not willingly enlist in the army were basically outcasts who the governments decided to attempt to shame into fighting. The role of women came into play at this point. The Russians shamed men into fighting by allowing an all female battalion, which would be sent into the trenches to make the men feel insignificant and cowardly. At the same time though, women who were not directly in battle were expected to aid the cause in some way. They were expected to support the war by working in places such as munitions factories, or to entertain and nurse the wounded. In other words, if you were not a part of the cause in some way, you were abnormal in the sense that you were either a coward or were not the ideal homemaker.

[1] http://digital.lib.umn.edu/IMAGES/reference/mswp/msp02056.jpg
[2] St Crispen’s Day Speech, Shakespeare’s Henry V, available at: http//www.chronique.com/Library/Knights/crispen.htm
[3] http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/cnp_turret_guns_01.jpg
[4] http://digital.lib.umn.edu/IMAGES/reference/mswp/msp02038.jpg
[5] http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
[6] http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
[7] http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
[8] http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm

Gender Roles and Proganda in WWI

Throughout WWI, the gender roles between men and women were slowly being defined through the use of propaganda. Men and women were both assigned specific roles in these images. Men were given the role of the soldier, the leader, and the one responsible for fighting. Men were always shown as strong, high up, and solely responsible for taking an active role in the war effort. Men were the worker and the father who would provide for the family and in this case, the war. The women, on the other hand, were depicted very differently. Women were given jobs that would support the efforts of their fighting soldiers. Women were depicted as nurses, factory workers, cooks, mechanics, and other secondary jobs that although were imperative to the successes of the effort, took place back at home or off the battle field in Europe. The armies of twentieth-century total war depended on women in new ways, not only within the army but in the civilian workforce. In 1914, feminist Carrie Chapman Catt warned that “war falls on the women most heavily, and more so now than ever before.” Both Britain and the United States mobilized substantial numbers of women into war-related industries, and into the workplace generally to make male workers available for military use. These arrangements, although effective in boosting the war effort, almost everywhere were cast as temporary. They used, rather than challenged, existing gender stereotypes. During WWI, the over 25,000 US women who served in Europe, did so on an entrepreneurial basis. The roles that women served in were restricted to a standard of social acceptance, which men would provide for the family and women would stay home a care for the house and children.


At the beginning and throughout WWI, gender roles continued to become defined through propaganda. Men and women were not only depicted in certain ways in these images, but would also fill those roles in the war effort. This mass propaganda also began to pressure society into taking part into the war. Men especially were pressured because of the mass need for soldiers to enlist in the military. Posters would show brave men and catchy slogans that would force the reader to reconsider their participation towards the war effort. Slogans reading, “We want you” and “More men” could be found anywhere and put the burden of conscience onto the reader. Young men were pressured by their friends and peers to join the service and would later discover the horror of war. As the war continued, propaganda posters were continuing to be produced. Men were a valuable resource to the military and the more men they had, the better chance to win the war. Young and old alike saw the call for more troops through the use of propaganda. Men were imposed a responsibility to fight in battle and defeat the enemy. Many people, however, do not understand the devastating effects war had on people. Like in All Quiet on the Western Front, the pressure from society forced men to enlist. In this poster, a brave and strong soldier is sounding the trumpet for more troops. He is calling for only men and is speaking in a relentless tone. The effects that posters like this had towards specific gender roles, was profound. The posters changed the brutality of war into a social burden, where one must make the decision to go to war, or suffer the ridicule of your peers who may be serving.


Throughout the Great War, gender roles were very distinguished and apparent all around Europe. A typical day for a woman in Europe was very restricted and women had little freedom in society. In the picture below, we can identify a woman with a cloth draped over her while covering three children close to her body. By the looks on their faces, the children seem scared of something taking them away from the warmth of their guardian. The guardian, the tall woman, is looking off into the distance and is shielding the children from what is to come. However, the most powerful people in the picture are the two little girls, who appear to be very close, whether they are sisters or just good friends. They express the most of what a woman feels they are asked to do in a time of crisis, and the boy on the left seems like is not necessarily sad but waiting to be called upon. This really shows the true gender roles during the Great War. A man’s role was to wait for his call to arms, as the young boy in the picture is doing in my mind, or to step forward and join the army by choice or by influence, as Paul and his friends did in All Quiet on the Western Front. On the other hand, a woman through the Great War’s role is to protect and treat their families and the hurt of the war. For example, over 25,000 women in the US took up jobs in nursing the wounded and treating the sick during the war.[1] Even in this picture, the women’s knack for caring for people and nourishing their families is apparent. The fact that the women is wearing a red cross symbol further shows the care she is willing and called upon to apply. This picture seems also to articulate Paul’s childhood. In his early years he and his friends did not want to be in the army and go to war. They were the little boy in the picture under their mother’s cloth, but then they met Kantorek, a schoolteacher who was very adamant about the war. He forced them out of their childhood shells and forced Paul and his friends to enlist and join the army. To society, they became manlier by joining the army and despite them not wanting to be there, the fact that they were manly was very important to the morale of a soldier like Paul and his friends in All Quiet on the Western Front.


Throughout the book All Quiet on the Western Front, the theme of patriotism and manhood was expressed through every person Paul and his friends seemed to come across. That was also one of the overriding themes of the Great War. In the picture below, there is indecision in the tall man with a suit on whether or not to enlist. He understands the meaning and reasoning behind going to war, but he can’t seem to commit to going or staying behind. This was the situation Paul was in before he met Kantorek. Paul was the tall man in the suit knowing that he is supposed to enlist but fears what will happen at the front. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Paul vividly explains trench life and other duties at the front, for he said,
“Three guns open fire close behind us. The burst of flame shoots across the fog, the guns roar and boom. We shiver and are glad to think that we shall be back in the huts early in the morning.”[2]
In this quote, we see Paul’s desire to be out of danger and back in the “safety” of the hut. The hut is just their place where Paul and his friends are not under consistent and persistent gunfire. Also, that fear of the front and dying is the “BUT!!!” in the phrase, “I Should go BUT!!!”, going through the man in the picture’s mind. Most people knew during the Great War that their governments wanted them to enlist. The phrase, “You are no exception.”, is trying to manipulate people into thinking that joining the army was obligatory and that if you did not join, you would be seen as a coward and less of a man. In All Quiet on the Western Front, the poster is represented by Kantorek, an adamant patriot, who is unrelentless in pushing Paul and his friends to join the army. They are indecisive as the man in the picture, however, Kantorek does not quit in his attempts to make them volunteer soldiers. As most propaganda in the twentieth century, this poster is encouraging patriotism. Kantorek played on patriotism as well telling the boys that volunteering for the army would make them more of a patriot. He was also nonstop with the persuasion, and the boys gave in after some time. This is exactly what the picture is portraying the government to be doing. They are trying to imply that joining the army is obligatory and that no one is exempt from their duty as a citizen.


Gender roles have been changing throughout the course of history. During WWI, these roles between men and women were depicted in propaganda in order to raise the soldier count in the war. The posters showed many different scenes, but generally stayed to one over-arching theme that could be found in another. These scenes would generally describe the need for soldiers, roles of woman, and instill a strong sense of patriotism and nationalism into the reader. Propaganda shaped the roles of men and woman alike during the war. The responsibilities and pressures of war were expressed through the use of propaganda and forced young and old alike, to reconsider their views of the war and their participation in it. The burden of war was put onto the shoulders of the men and women who stayed home and defined social responsibility among people and the soldiers fighting.


Kyle Brennan, Morgan Pearson, Charles Yakimischak


[1] http://www.warandgender.com/wgwomwwi.htm
[2] All Quiet on the Western Front p 53-54

The Expression of Propaganda in WWI

Manhood and patriotism became major themes throughout the stages of World War I. To appeal the emotion of the public propaganda was often used. Propaganda was illustrated through many different ideas but a common form was through posters. The posters reached out to the public because they expressed ideas of manhood and patriotism. From patriotism of the men and woman, a strong sense of nationalism began to formulate around their respective homelands. Citizens and war combatants had their civic duties to their mother country and performing these duties displayed the ultimate form of patriotism. Fighting in the war articulated the manhood a young man could possess. While avoiding the war, was a sign of cowardice. Fighting in the war became accepted by man, and they became responsible to act on the call of war. The novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, expresses all the factors of war include nationalism, patriotism, manhood, cowardice, and the significance of women, similar to the posters. Each country had their unique forms of attracting young men to the war effort, which could be the most creative but cleverest task of the war.

Posters, music, and poetry were all very popular uses of propaganda. This poster is an example of the use of manhood, patriotism, and even cowardice. In this image, Great Britain is using the king and the country to recruit soldiers. “Doing Duty from here-are you doing yours?” This slogan is around a picture of the king and the country. It is an attempt to encourage men to enroll in the army. If you enrolled in the army, this act expressed your ‘manhood’ and patriotism for your country, but if you do not enroll you were called a ‘white feather’ and this shows your cowardice and your unpatriotic acts. The use of the king in this poster acts as if he is disappointed if you do not enlist. Throughout World War 1 propaganda is used to instill manhood and patriotism in the people who do enlist, and cowardice in those who chose not to.



The second poster is an example of propaganda. It is used to recruit new soldiers for the war claiming that more soldiers means peace quicker. This type of propaganda was used greatly during the period of World War One. The six flags on the top represent the six nations that have an alliance with each other. This specific image is from a London Recruiting Depot. Also the crown on top represents the Royalty of England and that you should not and may not disappoint them. Similar to the previous image, if you enroll you show your manhood and patriotism towards your country. But if you chose not to enroll you are considered a coward and are treated with little respect. The saying on the poster, “Each Recruit means Quicker Peace Join To-Day,” means that with more manhood and patriotism the war will be won and finished quicker.

Throughout World War 1, women were used as nurses, factory workers, and some even as soldiers. In this image, the women are working in a factory. When their husbands left, the women took over the household. They did everything to help their children and took over the man’s responsibility. The women even took control of the men’s jobs. For example, most women started working in factories. Although many women stayed at home, some females wanted to get involved in the war. Women were commonly used as nurses for the soldiers and sometimes brought food for the men. Although in battle women were not encouraged to fight, in some cases they pretended to be men to become soldiers. One woman, Flora Sandes, enlisted as a Serbian soldier and actually became a very prominent soldier. She finished her military career as a captain and as one of the highest ranked soldier. Women were greatly underappreciated in World War One, but they did play a very important role.


Each image relates to the novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, in many different ways. The first image represents manhood and patriotism. Both of these qualities were significantly appreciated in the novel. The main character, Paul, and his fellow students were greatly encouraged to enlist in the army by their schoolmaster, Mr. Kantorek. He always said that being in the military shows your patriotism and manhood. Mr. Kantorek tries to recruit his students, which eventually works. Women are also in this novel; they are described as sensitive people, and are mostly viewed from the mother’s point of view. All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that shows the impact war has on women and men. During this period, men were expected to serve their country and be both manly and patriotic. But if they did not enlist they were considered cowards and useless. Women were used as nurses and aids to the soldier. These images all relate to the book, All Quiet on the Western Front, in the position of women and men during World War One.

This poster of “Line up, boys! Enlist To-Day,” expresses a certain manhood that is involved with enlisting with an army. This was made in Great Britain. Though, it was not for a specific type of particular, it was to show the general vibe of enlisting in Great Britain’s armed forces. This poster reveals a central theme of nationalism among the British in the war. The propaganda of this is to appeal to young men that have not enlisted in the war or to grab the attention of minors who will soon be able to fight for their country. The poster is simple, but it brings about a large point. To win the war, you need men on the battlefield, and the more men present will increase the chances of a victory. There is plenty of appeal and incentive to get a soldier to join the war effort in the creativity and nationalistic ideals of the poster. They men seem to be friends as they walk in unison. It reveals to its audience that the men can be well connected and are able to find joy in the war. The smiles illustrate that the war is not necessarily all bad and there can be fun as well as dignity involved. These men show a great deal of pride and nationalism in their country, and they poster makes it seem like ‘they need you’ to ‘spend their time with’. The boys are in traditional British clothing, and it gives a sense that anyone can get a sense of this nationalism if they enlist.

Throughout World War I, there was a constant need to replenish a unit of troops with new recruits, and the simplicity of this poster is trying to express that fact. The poster uses “to-day” merely because they need the new soldiers as soon as possible to continue the strength of the war effort. “Line up, boys! Enlist To-Day,” in a sense relates to what the boys from All Quiet on the Western Front have experienced before they were recruited. Certainly Germany would display posters similar to this around the majority of the country. After what Mr. Kantorek, the boys’ school teacher, had told them about enlisting, the boys surely took a second look at poster that were meant for them. They realized they needed to be a part of their countries nationalism, and they enlisted to serve their country. Kantorek’s patriotic speeches to the boys relates to the poster in that they both attempt and eventually succeed in appealing to the young men to join the war effort. In addition the boys walking in unison relates to the manhood that is expresses among Paul and his comrades during the war. They stick by each other in most cases, but more importantly they seem look out for each other in the poster as well Paul and the new recruits in the real war.

This poster of “Are You Answering the Call,” displays different forms of nationalism, manhood, and even cowardice. The easiest topic to see and comprehend is the concept of nationalism. The writing is almost self-explanatory grabbing the attention of the reader and making it clear what is needed. Great Britain is portrayed as the mother country and the most dominate among its territories and other countries. Though the poster is shown that it needs more support from the territories they control. These territories include Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia. Great Britain is shown as the greatest of these places because of the massive amount of nationalism it obtains. The adult lion represents Great Britain in this way. They are shown as a hero. The younger and less strong lions represent the other territories because they are not fulfilling their full civic duties in helping the war effort. The poster is a recruiting mission to win over the support over the typical man to join the war effort. These show patriotism of each country. This poster demonstrates a need for certain responsibilities that each citizen owns in a sense to his or her country. “Are You Answering the Call,” portrays the fact that everyone is needed for a country to be successful in war. It is a recruiting mission in which everyone is asked and obligated to participate to the best of their ability. The men have to represent the manhood of the country by fighting in the war. Though, the men have to not demonstrate cowardice in the war. It is essential that they not let their emotions affect them in battle. In addition men need to enter the war. For no reason they should be staying at home if they are ‘able bodied’ and physically able to fight. The woman play a role in this as well in that they need to provide for the country as nurses, factory workers, secretaries, and even to take over some of the men’s jobs while they are away at war.

This recruiting mission poster of “Are You Answering the Call,” portrays in a way what the young men in All Quiet in the Western Front have experienced. They have all enlisted to understand and partake in the nationalism and patriotism of Germany at this time. They joined the army to “answer the call’ that their country needed at this time. Though despite the fact that Paul and some of the other men in the novel regret enlisting, they show no cowardice and are displaying their manhood to their full potential. The boys at first enlisted to benefit their country in order to win the war. They expressed their manhood in fighting at the front lines and for some surviving the dreaded horrors of World War I.

Throughout World War I, there was a call for new recruits. Posters, music, and even poetry were used as propaganda to encourage the people to enlist in the army. In these forms of propaganda, they often expressed nationalism, patriotism, manhood, cowardice, and even the strength of women in their civic responsibilities. War combatants and helpful women were considered patriots for their mother country. Nationalism, patriotism, manhood, cowardice, and womanhood expressed in the war, are also conveyed in the novel, All Quiet on the Western Front. This story shows the recruiting system of this period and also the respect for war combatants. Each type and piece of propaganda expressed the qualities needed for new combatants.

-Connor Waite & Clay Haarmann
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All Quiet on the Western Front